Dealing with Fraud

Dealing with Fraud Health Care Policy, Law, and Ethics HSA 515 March 09, 2013 Dealing with Fraud Obstetric health care centers are a major source for providing care to millions of women around the country and a branch of medicine that involves pregnancy and childbirth. Studies of pathologic and physiologic functions of the female reproductive area are also a part of obstetric care. Physicians in this field commonly referred to as OB/GYNs and care for the mother and fetus during pregnancy. As Chief Nursing Officer of one of the state’s largest Obstetric Health Facilities countless women are treated at this center.The staff is fully aware of the mission, vision, policies, and procedures that make a huge impact in the community. Women rely on the care and attention received from the exceptional physicians on staff. Unfortunately, the type of care delivered and the service the hospital is responsible for providing, word of fraudulent behaviors have been reported and must be addres sed. As United States health care cost continues to rise, people depend upon privately funded health plans and millions are still uninsured due to funding by state and federal government.The major government sponsored health care plans are Medicare and Medicaid programs. Both programs make up a large portion of government spending. One key reason for rising costs has been the enormous degree of fraud committed against government health care programs. Although billions have been exposed due to informants of qui tam, additional monies remain undetected. Ultimately, health care fraud used as a deceptive means to profit from health care agreements through the federal government and the reason the United States Government Accounting Office has categorized Medicare and Medicaid as â€Å"high-risk programs. Various sources evaluate the effect of qui tam in health care organizations and refer to the 1986 False Claim Act the effectiveness. The term â€Å"whistleblowing† recognized by provisions in the False Claims Act and authorizes cases be brought to the government on behalf of the United States to share in the recovery efforts. The â€Å"Informer’s Act† or better known as â€Å"The Qui Tam Statue is from the Latin phrase â€Å"qui tam pro domino rege quam pro seipse,† meaning â€Å"he who as much for the king as for himself,† established during the civil war and focused on ending dishonest suppliers to the union military.Therefore, fraud investigation, and legal action became easier for the government. The history behind qui tam statue and today’s use provides an understanding to the term â€Å"whistleblower† and for an individual with past or present knowledge of fraud on the federal government to recover damages and impose penalties, (Cruise, â€Å"n. d. †). Fraudulent behavior or health care fraud affects health care organizations. Several ways businesses and individuals have defrauded, and continue to def raud, federal, and state government health care programs.Examples of fraudulent behavior include: †¢ No Services: Non-submission of claims for diagnostic tests, treatments, devices, or pharmaceuticals services that were never rendered. †¢ Non Existence: Involves submitting a claim for the services previously mentioned and provided to patients that do not exist or never received service. Also an item billed for in the claim. †¢ Anti-Kickback Statute: bans any offer, payment, solicitation or receipt of money, property or remuneration to persuade or reward patient referrals or health care services funded by a government health care program, including Medicare or Medicaid.These are improper payments and come in several different forms, includes but not limited to: referral fees, finder’s fees, productivity bonuses, research grants, excessive compensation, and free or discounted travel or entertainment. The offer, payment, solicitation or receipt of any such monies or remuneration can be a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback statute, 42 USC  §1328-7b(b), the Federal False Claims Act, various other federal, state laws, and regulations, (Pietragallo, Gordon, Alfano, Bosick, and Raspanti, LLC, 2013).These are just a small number of fraudulent activities currently affecting health care organizations. Qui tam has been an effective force in combating fraud. The Justice Department continues to recover record amount of judgments and settlements, however, qui tam cases exist in a variety of health care organizations. Processing and payment errors of Medicaid and Medicare patients may appear to be simple mistakes and not by medical professionals attempting to take advantage of the system, but individuals intent on abusing the system particularly, with working nowledge of how and when the government pays Medicare and Medicaid claims. Also in some cases fraud affects the people with these programs and liability occurs for co-payments and contributes to excessive government spending. Other examples of qui tam cases include; Defective pricing/false negotiation – reflects price adjustments by submitting false data and pricing to the government to receive an inflated amount according to the contract price. Mischarging – one of the more widespread frauds used to submit claims for products or services never provided or rendered.Product/service substitution – A product is certified that does not meet specifications or submitting a product for government approval then substituting the merchandise with another of poorer quality. False certification – benefit entitlement documents are falsely certified. Information submitted to the government has been adjusted for price supports or mortgage guarantees, according to the source more than half of qui tam recoveries have involved health care fraud, qui tam lawsuits filed have been successful against defense contractors and other companies, (â€Å"Einstein Law,â⠂¬  2008).Various federal and state requirements must be satisfied by the health facility prior to admission. For example, pre-admission evaluations for Medicaid patients require prior determination for eligibility. A full patient assessment will determine a plan of care. The prescribed care plan is prepared by the attending physician and registered nurse. Other hospital staff will get involved with the patient’s care if necessary. The care plan is updated on a quarterly basis, or more frequently if the patient’s condition changes.Other requirements for Medicare and Medicaid patients must be met before admission to determine suitable environment and to respect patient’s rights after admission while receiving medical care. Procedures for admission into a health facility for Medicare and Medicaid referrals must understand and comply with the laws that govern these procedures. The Anti-Kickback Statute (â€Å"AKS†) enacted by Congress delivers criminal pena lties for the payment of fees designed to persuade or reward medical referrals for treatment covered by Medicare and Medicaid.The AKS is extensive and includes discounts for physician referrals. Liability is a major concern under the Anti-Kickback Statue unless procedures fall within the law. Another regulation that limits physician self-referrals for Medicare and Medicaid patients is The Stark Law. Hospitals or health care providers are prohibited from receiving payments or kickbacks after improper billing Medicare for selected equipment or services. Ultimately, claims cannot be submitted by physicians for items or services because of their financial relationship with the health care providers.The Stark Law passed because of inappropriate financial relationships between doctors and health care providers and the professional judgment of doctors with regard to whether items or services are medically necessary, safe, or effective also reduce probable overpayments by Medicare for uncer tain services, (The Qui Tam Team, 2012). The next stage is for physicians and nurses review the following conditions for patient referrals. 1) Services must be personally referred by the attending physician. 2) Referrals are to a physician of the same group or practice. ) Any individual supervised by the referring physician in the hospital or physician that works part-time in the facility and is part of a group practice must comply with all coverage and payment rules regarding Medicare and Medicaid patients. 4) Patient billing is by the physician performing or supervising the care and treatment of the patient. 5) Regarding a group practice, attending physician under the group must be a member with an assigned billing number different from physicians employed with the health facility. ) Third party billing companies representing the physician(s) will also be assigned a billing number. These companies have to comply with Medicare requirements. The task of evaluating referral arrangeme nts by physicians will be challenging, however: financial provisions involving physicians can be analyzed using the conditions outlined. The Chief Nursing Officer will receive a monthly report of Medicare and Medicaid referrals. Non-compliance will result in immediate termination from the health facility. Discussing fraud and abuse the health industry continues to lose billions.Fraud can range from performing unnecessary medical procedures for insurance gains, to altering patient information and illegally billing for services not rendered. Also accepting kickbacks for patient referrals, and promoting drugs without authorization. These incidents affect the economy and are potential hazards to the health and safety of patients. An example is medical information illegally altered may receive incorrect treatment or realize existing health benefits are exhausted. Either way another alternative for compliance can address these issues.A method of enforcement created by the office of the In spector General (OIG) identified as a Corporate Integrity Agreement to improve health care quality and promote compliance to health care guidelines. The term â€Å"Integrity Agreement† focuses on physicians according to one source. Establishing OIG 1976 to imposed action against widespread fraud and abuse in Federal health care programs. These efforts developed a collaborative use of enforcement tools as monetary penalties and exclusions. Corporate Integrity Agreements implemented by the OIG to redeem health care providers under the program to avoid exclusions.Implementing a CIA will be challenging and somewhat complex, especially for birth and reproduction. The sterilization process, wrongful birth, and wrongful life are areas of interest, and the CIA will have major impact. Physicians play a major role due to misconception by prenatal testing, genetic testing, and laboratories that failed to provide these services. Sterilization falls under reproduction and birth is another area likely for fraudulent behavior from the side effects patients go through and were not informed by the attending physician.Nevertheless, to address current fraud behaviors and prevent future incidents among physicians, nurses, and medical staff it is necessary to develop strategies to ensure ethical and moral business practices through compliance of various laws that will reduce any risk of legal liability. Although the CIA program contains various features, after careful review and collaboration among executive staff the following requirements will accommodate the needs and requirements that will mitigate incidents of fraud by: Developing written policies and standards;Instituting a confidential disclosure program; Employing a compliance officer or a compliance committee; Implementing an employee training program; Restricting employment of ineligible persons; Report overpayments, fraudulent behaviors, and ongoing investigations/legal proceedings; Implementation reports are pro vided annually to the regulatory agency, (Sable, 2013). These requirements should prevent future fraud misconduct by ensuring internal actions and mitigating methods are in place. In conjunction with fraud and abuse is protecting patient information and omplying by all applicable laws. Accessing patient information considered a major subject for health organizations to comply with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) laws. Patient medical records are vital for treatment and must remain confidential within the federal and state laws. Without authorization the patient Privacy Rules are in violation. The responsibility of Chief Nursing Officer ensures the medical staff training and knowledgeable of health center’s policies and procedures to remain in compliance with HIPPA.Often areas overlooked whether accidental or intentional and certain information is discussed or discarded documents. Routine conversation among staff would be limited to specific are as where patient information cannot be disclosed. Public areas such as elevators, hallways, or waiting areas are strictly off limits. Many times patients are in surgery or receiving treatment for an illness, family members are waiting for results and often physicians will meet with them in public areas to discuss sensitive information not realizing the conversation can be overheard by others. This is just one example of a disclosure violation.Also what may sound insignificant represents another action that can lead to breach of information by patient documents thrown in a trash can that must be shredded to avoid public view. The plan is simple; to comply with all necessary laws extensive training provided to the entire staff is the beginning. One-on-one and group meetings held on a quarterly basis as a tool to prevent abuse and fraudulent behavior. Patient sensitivity is essential in meeting the goals of health center. Laws provide direction for dealing with fraud cases or any uneth ical or moral decisions made.To eliminate fraud and abuse continued pressure on the government to establish tougher policies in the delivery of medical and health care services. Additional funding for government enforcement agencies will put more pressure on physicians to act responsibly. As physicians become more aware of this fact, he or she should continue to take steps, such as implementing a compliance plan, to ensure the services provided reflect effective documentation for claims of payment. Until doctors, nurses, and other medical staff demonstrate ethical and moral standards, fraud, and abuse will continue to a problem for health organizations. ReferencesFraud and Qui Tam Cases. (2008). Retrieved from http://www. lawyershop. com Healthcare Fraud and Qui Tam Suits. (2008). Retrieved from http://www. lawyershop. com Pietragallo, Gordon, Alfano, Bosick, and Raspanti, LLC. (2013). Health Care Fraud and False Claims. Retrieved from http://www. falseclaimsact. com Cruise, P. L. ( â€Å"n. d. †). Deregulating Health Care Ethics Education. Retrieved from http://www. spaef. com/article Sable, L. (2013). Negotiating Corporate Integrity Agreements. Retrieved from http://www. franchiselawsolutions. com The Qui Tam Team. (2012). Types of Qui Tam Cases. Retrieved from http://www. quitamteam. com

Women in “Merchant of Venice” Essay

In Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, there are many controversies over religion and friendship, but the idea of the play that interested me the most was the role of women. The two women that are in this play take on the role of the saviors of the men who seem helpless and hopeless compared to them. Influences of the Radical Feminist Perspective in The Merchant of Venice Angela Caravella 2006 The role that women play within many Shakespearian plays often highlights their perseverance, strength, and intelligence. This perhaps indicates the playwright’s understanding that women should be on equal ground with men. However, the conclusion of his works lead to the powerful, independent woman settling back into society with her husband. Within the play The Merchant of Venice, the female characters achieve amazing deeds to â€Å"clean up† the messes that their husbands had made and achieve their own goals, only to return to their subordinate positions as wives. Portia, Nerissa and Jessica’s assumption of the male form to move unnoticed between Belmont and Venice allowed them a glimpse into the world of feministic ideals. In later scenes, when Portia and Nerissa push the boundaries of their disguise, they specifically emphasize the nature of radical feminism. The altering of Portia, Nerissa, and Jessica’s gender to suit the society of Venice is a direc t spat in the face of the patriarchy within the environment of The Merchant of Venice. Unfortunately, the overarching ideals of the world at this time are able to recapture their stranglehold on Jessica, Portia, and Nerissa. The construct of feminism is based upon the woman’s struggle in society for social, political, and economic equality with men. Feminism seeks to eliminate the notion of sexism, which is the degradation, oppression, and subordination of women (http://www.feministissues.com/radical_feminism.html). Feminism possesses many subcategories that focus on specific areas within the sphere of women’s inequality tin conjunction to men. One sub category, radical feminism, concerns itself with the idea that society is influenced by a male dominated or patriarchal hierarchy. Under this school of thought, the patriarchy can be described as â€Å"the division of rights, privileges and power primarily by gender, as a result of oppressing women and privileging men. A radical feminist essentially believes that they are oppressed on the single ideal that the gender of a woman is inferior and it can be considered that to alter one’s gender would be a radical feminist activity. The method in which the patriarchy is exercised upon women exists in physical and psychological forms through the physical action of deeds invariably leads to the psychological acceptance of the female’s role as subordinate. Women must adhere to several physical standards that obey the guidelines that determine the feminine form. They must be of the desirable body type, with small and graceful movements confined within an invisible enclosed space that is modestly dressed and eyes cast downward (Bartky, 67-69). Conversely, men with regards to space, take up as much of an area as possible that he influences unlike a woman who tends to be a victim of her environment. A woman who does not conform to such stringent standards is often termed by society as a â€Å"lo ose† woman or bad influence. This type of woman has already been accounted for under the patriarchal system. She is of less stature than women who adhere to the proper code of conduct and society has marker her for disgrace: â€Å"Her looseness is manifest not only in her morals, but in her manner of speech, and literally in the free and easy way she moves† (68). Eye contact is another physical action in which the proper woman makes little of so as to not challenge the man to whom she converses with. The loose woman again is seen as a threat to social norms because she looks at whatever and whomever she solicits her attention (68). When an action has been performed by the woman to displease a man a great deal of suffering ensues. The man himself may deny intimacy if he is unsatisfied with a female’s performance but the woman too punishes herself for having defiled the expectations placed on her by the patriarchy. â€Å"The depth of [these] women’s shame is a measure of the extent to which all women have internalized patriarchal standards of bodily acceptability† (77). Since women have made patriarchal values part of their inner psychological being, it is difficult to not feel the ramifications of feministic practices within one’s self. Within the play, The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare, the three female characters: Jessica, Portia and Nerissa’s experience with differing levels of the influence of the patriarchy upon their radical fem inist actions taken throughout the play. The radical feminist perspective  has a focus on gender inequality, so to defy traditional societal norms of gender; for example, cross-dressing might be a physical action that a woman could perform as a method of control, empowerment and activism to promote this ideal. The female characters Jessica, Nerissa and Portia all engage in cross-dressing however, each woman uses this activity to achieve different aims as well as possess varying opinions regarding its use. Within Act II Scene 6 of the play, Jessica assumes the form of a man so that she may escape from her father’s grasp and elope with Lorenzo. I am glad ’tis night, you do not look on me, For I am much ashamed of my exchange. But love is blind, and lovers cannot see ,The pretty follies that themselves commit For if they could, Cupid himself would blush To see me transformed to a boy†¦ What, must I hold a candle to my shames? They in themselves, good sooth, are too too light. Why, ’tis an office of discovery, love, And I should be obscured (Shakespeare, 2.6, 36-40,42-44). Jessica is embarrassed by the disguise of a page to flee which exemplifies how tight the patriarchal ideals are bound to her personality. She is almost unable to save herself and exercise her own will when she realizes that she must pretend to be a man. When Portia and Nerissa cross-dress, the opinion is quite different or at least not indicated by Shakespeare. When we are both accounted like y oung men, I’ll prove the prettier fellow of the two, And wear my dagger with the braver grace, And speak between the change of man and boy With reed voice; and turn two mincing steps ,Into a manly stride; and speak of frays Like a fine bragging youth; and tell quaint lies, How honourable ladies sought my love, Which I denying, they fell sick and died-†¦(3.4,63-71). These characters â€Å"neatly solve a knotty legal problem† for Antonio and Bassanio under the guise of male lawyers (Jardine, 30). In their form they are able to manipulate the course of action within the courtroom as well as outside it by attracting ladies’ attention and convincing Bassanio and Gratiano to give up Portia and Nerissa’s rings. By defying their genders to enter into the male-dominated society in Venice they enact the essence of radical feminism. Portia and Nerissa do not hold shame for their actions that could be an indication of their lack of concern for patriarchal values but also an interest in saving the life of Antonio because he has a deep relationship with Bassanio. The most powerful point of Portia and Nerissa’s  activity as lawyers in Venice is that they are able to move undetected in society and achieve their goals. This activity deconstructs the male hierarchy because they achieve more than what Bassanio, Antonio or Shylock cou ld accomplish within the courtroom. As men these women were capable of accomplishing astonishing deeds since they were out of the realm of low expectations placed on women. To further strengthen the radical feminist philosophy, Portia and Nerissa are able to obtain power over the men so as to adjust the gender imbalance while not shrouded under the garb worn by men as well. â€Å"Portia’s clothes effect no metamorphosis on her spirit, the lawyer was never a lady, although the lady is always something of a lawyer (Dusinberre, 267-268). While Belmont can be considered more liberal in regards to women’s equality there is at lease one decree that remains steadfast, Portia’s marriage as determined from the casket test. Portias father’s power over his daughter even in death is a testament to the control men have in the affairs of women, as though they were property and not human beings. According to her father’s will, Portia’s husband will be the man who chooses the correct casket that contains a picture of Portia. â€Å"Oh, me, the word, â€Å"choose†! I may neither choose who I would nor refuse who I dislike; so is the will of a living daughter curbed by the will of a dead father† (Shakespeare,1.2,22-24). While the casket selection appears to be a strict stipulation, the clever Portia deciphers a method in which she can still have an influence upon the man that she marries. Portia â€Å"accepts† the fact that she must marry Bassanio after he selects the lead cask et as the fulfillment of her father’s desires. She was able to tip the scales of the decision-making process in her favor so that she could choose her husband by discreetly providing clues to indicate the correct casket. â€Å"Let music sound while he doth make his choice†¦Let us all ring fancy’s knell I’ll begin it- Ding, Dong, bell. Ding, Dong, bell† (3.2, 43, 69-71). Superficially, the situation relates to the overarching patriarchy and its strength; Portia however, acts to work against the oppressive contract she is bound to and chart the course of the selection of her husband (Dusinberre, 85). In addition to the creation of an equilibrium over her destiny by means of manipulation of her father’s will, both Portia and Nerissa are able to exercise some means of assurance that they will keep their husbands with the ring test. The concept of loyalty of the men towards the women embodied  within a ring serves as a form of commitment and gives the full right to end at the engagement of marriage should such a keepsake be misplaced. The promise Bassanio and Gratiano make to Portia and Nerissa respectively regarding the rings as strong a contract for the women as a legal bond similar to Shylock and Antonio’s agreement (Phialas, 145). When Portia and Nerissa call attention to the loss of the rings to Bassanio and Gratiano, they show signs of distraught and anger so much as to deny them their love. This exercises the feministic perspective because they are able to use as much discretion a man could in the gaining and subsequent dismissal of their fiancà ©s. Feministic values are highly prominent in the play The Merchant of Venice, especially those including the radical feminist concept of a patriarchal society. The female characters were able to utilize the activity of cross-dressing to carry out the bu siness they needed so that their lives might be more bearable while under the control of men within society. Not all of the characters felt empowered by their action to become men, a sense of shame accompanied Jessica during her course as a man. Portia and Nerissa were able to humble their future husbands to provide an equal ground for both couples with the ring test. Portia also even made it possible to guide the husband selection decision to suit her interests. The constant varying tension between the male and female characters in their struggle for dominance over the other indicates that Shakespeare had a deep and profound knowledge of the dynamic between men and women. Portia is the heroine of William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice. A rich, beautiful, and intelligent heiress, she is bound by the lottery set forth in her father’s will, which gives potential suitors the chance to choose between three caskets composed of gold, silver and lead. If they choose the right casket – the casket containing Portia’s portrait – they win Portia’s hand in marriage. If they choose the wrong casket, they must leave and never seek another woman in marriage. Portia is glad when two suitors, one driven by greed and another by vanity, fail to choose correctly. She favours Bassanio, a young Venetian noble, but is not allowed to give him any clues to assist in his choice. Later in the play, she disguises herself a s a man, then assumes the role of a lawyer’s apprentice (named Balthazar) whereby she saves the life of Bassanio’s friend, Antonio, in court. Portia is one of the most prominent and appealing of the heroines in Shakespeare’s mature  romantic comedies. She is beautiful, gracious, rich, intelligent, and quick-witted, with high standards for her potential romantic partners. She obeys her father’s will, while steadfastly seeking to obtain Bassanio. She demonstrates tact to the Princes of Morocco and Aragon, who unsuccessfully seek her hand. In the court scenes, Portia finds a technicality in the bond, thereby outwitting Shylock and saving Antonio’s life when everyone else fails. Yet, she also shows immense injustice and cruelty towards the figure of Shylock and those who are sympathetic with Shylock see her as the epitome of blunt, barbaric, Christian primitivism. It is Portia who delivers one of the most famous speeches in The Merchant of Venice: Th e quality of mercy is not strain’d. It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven Upon the place beneath. It is twice blest: It blesseth him that gives and him that takes. Despite Portia’s lack of formal legal training, knowledge ,education,(give lines from text book.)she wins her case by referring to the details of the exact language of the law. Her success involves prevailing on technicalities rather than the merits of the situation. She uses the tactics of what is sometimes called a Philadelphia lawyer. However, the concept of rhetoric and its abuse is also brought to light by Portia – highlighting the idea that an unjust argument may win through eloquence, loopholes and technicalities, regardless of the moral question at hand – and thus provoking the audience to consider that issue. Portia From the first time we meet Portia, we see that she is a very smart woman and that she is looking for a man that has more thoughts in his head than those of money and beauty. She and Nerissa talk of the stupidity of all her suitors and it is very clear that she is looking for a respectable man who will love her for who she is and not for her money. This separates her from the men from the beginning. All the comments that she makes about the men put her on a pedestal compared to them. Just by speaking of men this way she shows that she is just smarter than they are. â€Å"God made him, and therefore let him pass for a man. In truth, I know it is a sin to be a mocker, but he!† (Act I. Scene ii. 56-58). The scenes in which she meets with the  suitors to choose the caskets and to see if they will marry her, she is clearly in the dominant position. She acts like she is a judge in a court and she has all authority over the suitors as they choose the different caskets and find out their fates. â€Å"Behold, there stand the caskets, noble prince. If you choose that wherein I am contained, Straight shall our nuptial rites be solemnized. But if you fail, without speech, my lord, you must be gone from hence immediately† (II.ix.4-8). She says these lines as a judge would pass down his or her sentence to the defendant found guilty of a crime. She shows herself to be of higher status to the readers and it seems a first to me because I have never read a Shakespeare play in which the women hold dominant roles over the men. Quick-witted, wealthy, and beautiful, Portia embodies the virtues that are typical of Shakespeare’s heroines—it is no surprise that she emerges as the antidote to Shylock’s malice. At the beginning of the play, however, we do not see Portia’s potential for initiative and resourcefulness, as she is a near prisoner, feeling herself absolutely bound to follow her father’s dying wishes. This opening appearance, however, proves to be a revealing introduction to Portia, who emerges as that rarest of combinations—a free spirit who abides rigidly by rules. Rather than ignoring the stipulations of her father’s will, she watches a stream of suitors pass her by, happy to see these particular suitors go, but sad that she has no choice in the matter. When Bassanio arrives, however, Portia proves herself to be highly resourceful, begging the man she loves to stay a while before picking a chest, and finding loopholes in the will’s provision th at we never thought possible. Also, in her defeat of Shylock Portia prevails by applying a more rigid standard than Shylock himself, agreeing that his contract very much entitles him to his pound of flesh, but adding that it does not allow for any loss of blood. Anybody can break the rules, but Portia’s effectiveness comes from her ability to make the law work for her. Portia rejects the stuffiness that rigid adherence to the law might otherwise suggest. In her courtroom appearance, she vigorously applies the law, but still flouts convention by appearing disguised as a man. After depriving Bassanio of his ring, she stops the prank before it goes to far, but still takes it far enough to berate Bassanio and Gratiano for their callousness, and she even insinuates that she has been unfaithful Act 3, Scene 2 Love 7: Bassanio and Portia are clearly in love with one another – they want to marry, but find themselves bound by the arbitrary rule set by her father. Portia doesn’t want to say goodbye to Bassanio forever, so he asks him to delay choosing a chest – if this is going to be the last time she ever sees Bassanio, she wants it to last as long as possible. Bassanio, on the other hand, can’t bear delaying his choice any longer. He can’t bear to live another moment not knowing if he’s going be able to marry Portia and spend the rest of his life with her.Ring: The ring Portia gives to Bassanio as a symbol of their love. He swears he will never part with it, and she uses it to test which of his loves is stronger, his love for her, or his love for his friend Antonio. Act 2 Scene 1:Persecution 3: The Prince of Morocco knows full well that the color of his skin would be an issue with anyone in Portia’s position, but begs her to take other things into consideration. He explains that there are other ways to judge him beyond the colour of his skin, and that in any of those respects, he is more than worthy. Portia says she has accepted the puzzle of the chests, and beyond that she has no interest in the color of his skin.Persecution 4: After the Prince has failed, Portia exclaims her relief that she won’t have to marry a dark-skinned man, and hopes that if any other dark people try to win her hand, they’ll fail just as the Prince had. Portia Like Antonio, Portia is an example of nobility. She is a fair-haired beauty with an immense power to attract. Her goodness and virtue enhance her beauty. Unlike Antonio, she is not passive, but displays energy and determination. In many ways, hers is the more forceful figure in the play. Her authority and control with which she deals and manipulates the circumstances of the play are exemplary. In Belmont, the terms of her father’s will leave her without any choice in her future husband, and she is saddened that she does not have an appropriate mate. As a dutiful daughter, however, she is compelled to accept her father’s wishes. Despite her dissatisfaction with her circumstances, she has a cheerful and optimistic nature. She is clever with words and wit and enjoys the opportunity of performing, both in Belmont and Venice. She uses her wonderful ability with words and her keen sense of humor to enliven the scenes in which she  appears. Her treatment of her money reflect s Bassanio’s belief that money is to be used only in the sense of helping loved ones. She proves she is unselfish and generous. Her happiness and Antonio’s meet in Bassanio. Her ideal of mercy is unselfish generosity and she shows an understanding of Christian values. As a Christian gentlewoman, she considers it her duty to show Shylock the foolishness of his exact interpretation of the law that has no mercy. She dresses as a young lawyer and goes to court to defend Antonio. Like Shylock has demanded, she strictly interprets the law and disallows the Jew from taking a drop of Antonio’s blood when he takes his pound of flesh. Since this is impossible, Shylock begs to just be given money, but Portia is unrelenting. She cites another law that states any alien who tries to take the life of a Venetian is to lose all of his money, which will be split between the state and the person who was to be killed. As a result, Shylock loses all of his wealth. Portia has cleverly tricked Shylock at his own game. Portia is the most multi-dimensional character in the play, alternating between a beautiful woman in the remote setting of Belmont and the authoritative lawyer in Venice, who orchestrates the victory of good over evil. Nerissa Character Analysis Nerissa is Portia’s woman in waiting (read: her sidekick). At the beginning of the play, she acts as a sounding board to Portia. She listens to Portia complain about her life and the unfairness of the casket contest and tells her to suck it up and be glad her father was wise enough to plan for his daughter’s future. This, of course, tells us that Nerissa is a very practical girl. Hmm. This must be why she agrees to marry Graziano if Bassanio can win Portia. Read all about it in our analysis of Graziano. she has patience says good things about her father Act 2, Scene 9 Love 6: Nerissa hopes that the god of love will bless Portia and bring Bassinio to her, since there is no other man who deserves her, and she can’t choose him. She thinks that only the devine intervention of Cupid could possibly bring Bassanio to Portia, and ensure that he chose the correct chest, that only with the help of a god could love overcome blind luck. Nerissa is Portia’s maid. She acts as a backdrop to the wit displayed by Portia. Her long association with her mistress has elevated her mannerisms and behavior to the point that she now acts as a witty and intelligent person. She, too, follows the examples set by Portia in many ways: she marries a gentleman from Venice, she follows Portia to Venice, she assumes the role of a lawyer’s clerk and she takes her ring from her lover. She is to Portia what Gratiano is to Bassanio. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..x†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.X†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Love 9: in order to give her husband a chance to prove his love, Portia tests him by demanding his wedding ring. Bassanio at first balks at the idea, h aving pledged that his wife is more important to him than anything else. Gratiano convinces him to part with the ring, though, assuring Bassanio that his wife will understand. Act 5, Scene 1 Love 10: Portia and Nerissa forgive their husbands for giving up their wedding rings, and return them. Bassanio and Gratiano pledge that no matter what happens, they won’t ever again make anything more important than their wives. Jessica:CHARACTERS Jessica Character Analysis Jessica is Shylock’s only daughter. She breaks her dad’s heart by running off to marry a Christian (Lorenzo) and helps herself to her dad’s ducats and some treasured family heirlooms. Being Shylock’s Daughter Before we dismiss Jessica as a selfish jerk who steals from and abandons her dad, we should keep in mind that life at Shylock’s house is not so great. It becomes even worse when their clown/servant Lancelot leaves: â€Å"I am sorry thou wilt leave my father so,† Jessica says to Lancelot. â€Å"Our house is hell, and thou, a merry devil, / Didst rob it of some taste of tediousness† (2.3.1). Shakespeare gives us a little taste of life at Shylock’s in Act 2, Scene 5: when Shylock and Jessica appear onstage together, Shylock barks orders at his daughter (while screaming at his servant). He demands that Jessica stay inside and â€Å"lock up [the] doors† so the sounds of music don’t drift in from the streets (2.5.5). OK, we can understand why Jessica wants to get out of Dodge, and she’s certainly not the only Shakespearean daughter to elope. But it does seem pretty cold when she trades her dead mother’s turquoise ring for a monkey after running off with Lorenzo. Her thoughtlessness devastates her father: Out upon her! Thou torturest me, Tubal: it was my turquoise; I had it of Leah when I was a bachelor: I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys. (3.1.14) Jessica’s Conversion Jessica not only runs away from her father’s house, she also converts to Christianity, and both are portrayed as acts of abandonment. When Lancelot the clown says Jessica is â€Å"damned† to hell because she’s the â€Å"Jew’s daughter,† Jessica declares â€Å"I shall be saved by my husband. He hath made me a Christian† (3.5.3). 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She is, although a Jew, as different from her father â€Å"as jet to ivory.† She is more at home with Christian ways than with the austerity of her father’s Jewish house. She likes Launcelot because of his capacity to introduce merriment to an otherwise gloomy household. She shows ingenuity in disguising as a pageboy to effect her elopement. Although guilty of theft and filial ingratitude in betraying her father, she shows an understanding of the moral sins that she has committed. Her drawbacks are mitigated by her loving and exuberant nature, which is similar to Portia’s vivacity and wit.

The Supernatural as a Means of Protagonist Empowerment in Like Water

The Supernatural as a Means of Protagonist Empowerment in Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel and The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende IB A1 English HL World Literature Comparative Essay Word Count: 1496 Keri-Anne Murray Candidate #: 003072-058 World Literature Comparative Essay 1 In Like Water for Chocolate and The House of the Spirits, respective authors Laura Esquivel and Isabel Allende use a connection with the supernatural to empower the protagonists in three ways. Firstly, the central characters in each story possess unique otherworldly abilities, which enable them to distance themselves from their oppressors.Secondly, the supernatural is active in providing spiritual healing of those in dire situations. Finally, supernatural events are responsible for the eventual suppression of the main antagonist of each novel, and the subsequent liberation of the protagonists. Supernatural empowerment is also used to convey the authors’ perspectives on Latin American cul ture, which will be explored in relation to each form of supernatural empowerment discussed. In both novels, the oppressors of the central characters desire to control them completely, however, the protagonists have unique abilities which come to their aid.In The House of the Spirits, author Allende uses Esteban Trueba’s desire and expectation to possess his wife Clara entirely, to portray the view that in Latin American culture, there is an implication of female inferiority and submissiveness in relationships. Allende, however, expresses a negative view of this societal expectation, by giving Clara supernatural abilities which sustain her, allowing her to detach herself from him and be independent. The reader learns that Esteban desires â€Å"far more than her body; he wanted control over that undefined and luminous aterial that lay within her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Allende 111). The use of magical realism in this description of Clara’s â€Å"undefined and luminous† a spect emphasises her otherworldly character, creating an image of a bright light which Esteban cannot grasp with his hands, for his fingers simply pass through. It is precisely this supernatural aspect of Clara’s character which gives her strength, independence and the power to resist domination by Esteban. â€Å"He realised that Clara did not belong to him and that if she continued living in a world of apparitions †¦ she probably never would† (Allende 118).Clara’s clairvoyance and preoccupation with spirits prevent Esteban from controlling her. Whilst he becomes increasingly enraged at the unbridgeable distance between them, Clara is content, strong and empowered, thus defying the Latin American culture of female inferiority which is implied in the novel. In Like Water for Chocolate, Mama Elena has a similar obsession to Esteban’s, in desiring to control her daughter Tita’s every move. Through her description of the de la Garza family traditi on, the author portrays Latin American culture as giving family values great importance.In compliance with her family values, Tita, as the youngest daughter, is required to devote her Keri-Anne Murray Candidate #: 003072-058 World Literature Comparative Essay 2 life to the care of her mother, who strictly denies her the opportunities of love and marriage. By empowering Tita through her supernatural culinary abilities, an attribute of Tita’s character which Mama Elena cannot control, the author protests against this focus on honouring family tradition at the expense of individual rights. â€Å"In the kitchen †¦ flavours, smells, textures and the effect they could have were beyond Mama Elena’s iron command† (Esquivel 45).Tita’s domain is the kitchen, and she transfers her inner-most feelings to her cooking. The results are dishes which recreate Tita’s mood and infuse her deepest desires into those who consume the food. When Mama Elena bans all c ommunication between Tita and her love Pedro, Tita channels her emotions into her cooking to create â€Å"a new system of communication† (Esquivel 49) with Pedro. The author uses the oppressiveness of Mama Elena and the de la Garza family tradition to portray a negative image of extreme emphasis on family duties in Latin American culture.The attribution of supernatural culinary abilities to Tita allows her to escape Mama Elena’s control and bring herself closer to Pedro, and this illustrates the author’s desire for respect for individual rights in family relationships. In both novels, the supernatural plays an active part in healing those in troublesome situations. The authors describe positively an intimate Latin American culture in which a suffering individual can depend upon assistance from trusted friends, even in the most dire circumstances.Such a phenomenon occurs in The House of the Spirits, when the imprisoned Alba has resigned herself to death in a â₠¬Å"dark, frozen airless tomb† (Allende 469). Into this atmosphere of oppressive coldness, Clara materialises as a radiant apparition, â€Å"with the novel idea that the point was not to die †¦ but to survive, which would be a miracle† (Allende 469). Clara’s radiance contrasts with the darkness of the â€Å"doghouse† (Allende 469) which holds Alba, inspiring her with hope.Clara urges Alba to write a journal in her mind so that others may one day learn of â€Å"the terrible secret she was living through† (Allende 470), evoking in Alba a purpose and will to live. The author gives Clara the ability to empower others even after her death, emphasising her positive opinion of a culture of trust, selfless giving and unconditional love among friends. A similar healing phenomenon occurs in Like Water for Chocolate when Nacha’s appearance to Tita, as she eats the oxtail soup at Dr Brown’s house, restores Tita’s spiritual health and he r speech after her breakdown caused by Mama Elena. With the first sip, Nacha appeared there at Tita’s side, stroking her hair †¦ kissing her forehead† (Esquivel 114). Tita cries for the first Keri-Anne Murray Candidate #: 003072-058 World Literature Comparative Essay 3 time in six months, resulting in a â€Å"stream that was running down the stairs† (Esquivel 114). The author’s use of magical realism is effective in emphasising the emotion and miracle of the situation. Tita makes the decision to speak again; she is â€Å"fully recovered, ready to start a new life† (Esquivel 117-118).Like Clara in The House of the Spirits, Nacha possesses the ability to empower those she loves even after her death, and this element of magical realism is employed by the author to illustrate a positive perception of Latin American culture, where connections based on love and friendship can overcome even the most hopeless of circumstances. The final use of the supe rnatural allows the author to describe a culture in which disaster befalls those who bring control and malevolence to relationships which should be filled with love and friendship.In both novels, supernatural events result in the suppression of the antagonist to empower the protagonists. In The House of the Spirits, Esteban’s jealous suspicion causes him to banish his sister, Ferula, from his house, and ban her from contact with her family. In response to his cruelty, Ferula curses him: â€Å"You will always be alone! Your body and soul will shrivel up†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Allende 158). Esteban soon observes his body â€Å"shrivelling†: â€Å"he could tell from his clothes †¦ his sleeves and his pant legs were suddenly too long† (Allende 212).There is also evidence of his soul â€Å"shrivelling†: as he drives others away from him, he is indeed cursed with the fate of being alone. His violence against his daughter and his physical abuse of Clara who stands up for Blanca, sever the few weak bonds he had remaining with these members of his family. Esteban’s experience of his physical shrinking and his alienation from family, result in personal insecurities, a deflation of his ego and a sense of loneliness, and those he has mistreated are no longer oppressed by him. In Like Water for Chocolate, Tita’s wholesome cooking has adverse effects on oth Mama Elena, and Tita’s callous sister, Rosaura, indirectly resulting in their deaths. On her return to the ranch after Mama Elena is left temporarily paralysed by a group of bandits, Tita carefully prepares oxtail soup for her mother â€Å"so that she would recover completely† (Esquivel 119). Mama Elena, however, immediately detects a bitter taste, and accuses her daughter of poisoning her. Ironically, as a result of emetic overdose taken secretly to combat the imagined poison, Mama Elena eventually dies. Tita’s sister, Rosaura, suffers a similar fate. She beco mes overweight and flatulent from eating Tita’s food.While in San Antonio, Rosaura loses weight, but â€Å"all she had to do was come back to the ranch and she got fat again! † Keri-Anne Murray Candidate #: 003072-058 World Literature Comparative Essay 4 (Esquivel 192). Following her selfish proclamation of her intention to subject her daughter, Esperanza, to the oppressive family tradition of forced self-sacrifice, Rosaura dies from an extended attack of flatulence attributed to Tita’s cooking. Through the supernaturally caused deaths of Mama Elena and Rosaura, the author describes a culture of retribution for those who bring control and malevolence to relationships which should be sources of love.Their deaths liberate Tita and Esperanza, enabling them to love freely. In Like Water for Chocolate and The House of the Spirits, the supernatural is used as a positive force to empower the leading characters. Characters possess supernatural gifts which provide them w ith an untouchable inner strength; the supernatural gives them the power to heal others in dire need; and ultimately, it is the supernatural which is responsible for the downfall of the oppressors, and the liberation of the gifted characters.Furthermore, the authors use supernatural empowerment to integrate their perceptions of positive and negative aspects of Latin American culture into the novels. 5 Keri-Anne Murray Candidate #: 003072-058 World Literature Comparative Essay Works Cited Allende, Isabel. The House of the Spirits. Trans. Magda Bogin. London: Black Swan Books, 1986. Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate. Trans. Carol Christensen and Thomas Christensen. London: Black Swan Books, 1993.

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Foreign Market Entry and Diversification - Research Paper Example y diversify for better opportunities, to leverage the competencies as well as capabilities by way of expanding into business where the firm’s resources can be used as competitive assets. Also to some extend diversifying will help the company to minimize the risk but as pointed earlier the risk involved is high. There is no guarantee that the business will succeed (Rao, et al, 2009, 228). The publishing company which deals with books and other publishing items should continue with its business and go for related diversification. The publishing company should opt for related diversification strategy and involve into acquisition of business which are related in terms of technology, products or markets. Related diversification also termed as concentric diversification occurs when combined profit tends to increase the opportunities and strengths and thereby minimizes the threats and weakness (Orcullo, 2008, 76). Thus the publishing firm may search for new business whose product, market, distribution is similar to that of its own and where acquisition would result in â€Å"synergy.† Thus the company in order to create synergy should enter into related diversification and share resources and capabilities with its existing business unit. With the growth of online and digital media, the publishing business has been undergoing significant changes. Thus considering the current situation the publishing business should diversify its business into emerging and developing countries and at the same time follows the emerging trends in the publishing industry which are like eBooks, blogs, mobile publishing along with self publishing (ICMR, 2007). While diversifying the business the publishing company can opt for strategic alliance. Strategic alliances are formed through partnership between the firms and combining the resources, capabilities and core competencies and pursue a mutual interest to develop, manufacture and also manufacture goods (KAZMI, 2008. 187). The alliance is a

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The effects of the educational assessment on the students life Essay

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Business Plan - Essay Example Other investment requirements will be financed by a $200,000 loan from Jabal Bank at a 5% interest rate repayable in two years. 3. Human resource plan Renowned hotelier Charles Duncan charged with the responsibility of general business running and procurement will manage Emirates Restaurant. Management foresight in former management undertakings in the industry has won him many accolades. He has masters in business administration from the Dubai University and has a number of successful stints in well performing hotels and restaurants in Emirates. The deputy management will be Mark Weber who has a bachelor in business Administration and is a recognized person in the hospitality industry. The deputy manager will be responsible for public relation, community development, and sales. Marketing duties and sales, pricing are also some of the responsibilities to be undertaken by the deputy manager. The other employees to undertake the support roles for the daily running of the company will i nclude five chefs trained in catering an accountant to aid in recording transactions to the computer and the daily procurement and petty cash payments. A security officer to guard the premises and four waiters to aid in taking orders and deliveries will also be employed by the company. The number of employees will be increased as need arises when the management feel the need to augment the company operations to meet increasing demand. 4. Production plan The production plan at Emirates Restaurant is a main facet for the company’s development and success. This is evidenced by the need for efficiency in inventory management and maintaining healthy foods and high quality for safety of the consumers. This will aid in avoiding costly lawsuits and a taint in the reputation of the company. i. Food Safety Apart from ensuring efficient production, careful inventory handling by the employees of Emirates Restaurant will aid as a measure to minimize food borne illnesses. This ensures no d amage to clients, which can ruin the restaurant’s reputation and emergence of costly lawsuits. Emirates Restaurant will ensure food safety is maintained through meticulous stock rotation and keeping food in apposite temperatures. ii. Inventory Management This entails the need by the management and production personnel to ensure the inventory ordered are enough to meet orders made but in right quantities for use before they spoil. The main reason for ensuring this is to avoid excess inventory. Excess inventory is cumbersome and retard the production process. Comparison of time periods in relation to seasonal demand fluctuations are the methods the management will make use of in ensuring there is efficiency in inventory management. iii. Employee training on handling Supplies Cases of unforeseen circumstances in the production process including delay in inventory and malfunctioning of equipment require trained and informed staff to ensure exercise of discretion as the situation requires. This will create efficiency in the production process and avoid losses to the restaurant due to timely and conscious adjustment of the production process by the employees as the situation calls. iv. Keeping of Records Maintenance of current and detailed records of the production

Politics in the Caribbean and United states Intervention Essay

Politics in the Caribbean and United states Intervention - Essay Example in Caraley, 4). This egocentric approach of the US is what has prompted it time and again to get involved in the domestic matters of other nations. But the immediate reasons have been different for different regions and countries. For example, As far as the Caribbean region is concerned, it is observed that it is the â€Å"dramatic asymmetry in power† between the US and the Caribbean nations as well as the â€Å"geographic proximity† that prompted America to intervene there (Maingot and Lozano, 1). The US has been initially interested in this region so as to control â€Å"the commercial sea lanes† and also this interest was based on its policy of â€Å"dollar diplomacy† that is, â€Å"military intervention to promote and secure economic expansion† (Maingot and Lozano, 2). The importance that the US foreign policy gave to â€Å"stopping communism† was yet another reason why America often intervened in the Caribbean (Manigot and Lozano, 20). Sp ecific examples show that US annexed Puerto Rico as a full-fledged colony, established a puppet military government in the Dominican Republic, tried to overthrow many times the Cuban communist government and militarily occupied Haiti (Langley, 157). And as Caraley has observed, it can be concluded that the American foreign policy as evolved in the period of George W. Bush â€Å"is the establishment of American hegemony, primacy or empire. In the Bush doctrine, there are no universal norms or rules governing all states. On the contrary, order can be maintained only if the dominant power behaves quite differently from others†

Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

Julius Caesar Essay ‘’Et tu, Brutus? ’’ the accusation hurled at Brutus by the dying Julius Caesar made immortal by William Shakespeare continues to reverberate to this day. Up until his death, Brutus was convinced that it was for the good of the republic. Brutus was convinced that the death of one was better than the death of democracy. Brutus was convinced that the murder of an imminent tyrant was a selfless and necessary execution for the benefit of society. Brutus, self-appointed judge, jury, and executioner was able to win over the other Roman political and military leaders to carry out the murder of Julius Caesar; All of this in the name of selflessness, freedom and democracy. For Brutus, the end justifies the means. An eye for an eye. A tooth for a tooth. A return to the moral dark ages. Consider this: profiling, homeland security, retinal scans at internal airport immigration, Guantanamo high security prison. Sure, all these can perhaps be justified in terms of the aftermath and our desire not to have a recurrence of 9-11. Sure†¦ Does it also mean that we can disregard basic human rights? Does it also mean that we can now be more intolerant – and deeply suspicious – of anyone who does not look like us, worship like us, dress up like us, eat like us? Does the end really therefore justify the means? Sadly and tragically, what Brutus did was not new. He was not the first one to justify murder and claim a greater and noble purpose behind his action. Nor shall Brutus be the last â€Å"patriot’’. But we who have better sense and fortified with a sense of history can do something about preventing the emergence of Brutus and those claiming to employ â€Å"ends justified by the means† methods. Public opinion, public dissent, public debate and exposure are the best defense. The end can only be justified by justifiable means: by informed, free, democratic, transparent, and just means. And nothing less.

Performance Appraisal Essay Example for Free

Performance Appraisal Essay Performance Appraisal is a formal management system that provides for the evaluation of the quality of an individual’s performance in an organization, and is usually prepared by the employee’s immediate supervisor, and the procedure typically requires the supervisor to fill out a standardized assessment form that evaluates the individual on several different dimensions and then discusses the result of the evaluation to the employee (Grote, 2002). According to Grote, too often, performance appraisal is seen merely as a once-a-year drill mandated by the personnel department, but in organizations that take performance appraisal seriously and use the system well, it is used as an ongoing process and not merely as an annual event. To obtain the best information possible if performance appraisal data must be used, four phase model of performance appraisal must be used, and these are through, performance planning, performance execution, and performance review. In performance planning, this is usually set at the beginning of the year, the manager and individual get together for a performance-planning meeting in which they discuss what a person will achieve over the next 12 months. In the performance execution, the manager provides coaching and feedback to the individuals to increase the probability of success and creates the condition that motivate and resolves any performance problems that arise and in the midway through the year, they meet to review the individual’s performance thus far against the plans and goals that they discussed in the performance planning meeting (Grote, 2002). In performance assessment, the manager reflects on how well the subordinate has performed over the course of the year, assembles the various forms of paperwork that the organization provides to make this assessment, and fills them out, and the manager also recommend a change in individual’s compensation based on the quality of the individuals work (Grote, 2002). The completed assessment form is then reviewed and approved by the appraiser’s boss, department head, or the compensation manager. In performance review, the manager and the subordinate meet, usually about an hour, and they review the appraisal form that the manager has written and talked about how well the person performed over the past 12 months, and at the end of the review meeting, they set a date to meet again to hold a performance-planning discussion for the next 12 months, at which point the performance management process anew (Grote, 2002). Self-ratings fit to this approach in the way that, it is needed by the manager in the performance assessment to be able to fully evaluate the employee.

Comparison of Human Resource Strategies

Comparison of Human Resource Strategies Strategic Management of Human Assets Table of Contents (Jump to) Company A Overview Company B Overview Company A HR Strategies Company B HR Strategies Similaries and Differences between Companies Conclusion Bibliography Organization A: Telenor Organization B: Mobilink Company A Overview Telenor Telenor is the prevalent mobile telecommunications operative in Norway and a momentous worldwide mobile operative, with a numeral of operations external Norway.Telenor is 100% possess by Telenor ASA and adds on to its maneuver in Asia together with Thailand, Malaysia and Bangladesh. Telenor is the greatest increasing mobile complex in the country, with reporting realization of cavernous into many of the outmost areas of Pakistan. In the mainly tricky terrains of the country, from the mountainous northern areas to the rambling deserts in the south, at times they are the only operative linking the formerly distinct. Company B Overview Mobilink: Mobilink is world most important cellular and Blackberry service contributor. It has More than 35 million cutovers. Market contribute of Mobilink is 35 %. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR TELENOR Some of the very most important features of the tactical development are tinted as under HR Planning Process: Strategic Planning The company does not utilize any arithmetic procedure or technique for the strength of mind of labor deficiency or superfluous. The company however, relies on skewed judgmental methods. The judgmental methods are stand on the connoisseur decision that determine the supply and command of labor. Whenever the company experience the require of a requisite person, the company demeanor interviews of the aspirant applicants. formative Labor stipulate formative Labor Supply Strategic Direction Telenor existing policy is based on edifice a earlier association with its customers by taking gain of their position as a worldwide marketplace leader. The approaches are paying attention on captivating and retaining a increasing marketplace split in all customer groups. Strategic plan Humanizing their client Proposition Telenor clientele, mobility means immediacy, convenience, ubiquity and personalization. These attributes give them many opportunities to interact with their customers in behavior that will augment their lives. Local implementation remnants indispensable, but they consider that they can assemble on their worldwide benefit by adopting additional dependable marketing approaches, based on greatest practices congregate from across the Group. They have commence a â€Å"convention campaign†, the endeavor of which is to appreciably amplify the average number of minutes their customers utilize their services every day. As part of this, Telenor is initiation a assortment of marketing initiatives to emphasize the practical and poignant benefits they convey to their customers. Executing Data Strategy Their data strategy rests on four pillars; Increasing the importance of Right Service They are increasing a collection of accessible, branded data military. Key applications comprise new text, depiction and video messaging services, trouble-free admission to e-mail, isolated admittance to business applications, and stipulation via a Telenor user boundary to in order and amusement make available by business partners. Inter-operate theoretically, discriminate Commercially. It is imperative for them to stay behind very energetic in manufacturing consistency to make certain complete inter-operability of our services with those from other mobile operative and fixed-Internet companies. Promoting suitable Pricing Models They encourage a pricing model that permits them to bout their pricing most intimately and evidently to their customers considerate and discernment of worth. Competitive Environment Customers necessities are increasing to include admittance to information, data and multimedia services over mobile strategy. They are exceptionally placed to assemble these needs, using their extent and flair to generate the most convincing services and to expand partnerships helps them surpass their customers potential. With the infiltration in market and the foreword of new 3G technologies, they can be expecting to go from side to side a period of market confusion, which will possibly escort to some consolidation in the industry. HR Strategies for Mobilink The Mobilink that allege of the most important market investor in telecom industry has shown very conventional loom towards the recompense management. The important organizations always try preeminent to have a best-fit deliberate loom in the direction of the human being reserve administration surrounded by organization but unluckily the foremost organization like Mobilink is also use finest carry out approach in compensating approach. During this investigate we also come to terminate that these best practice are not completely implemented in whole essence but they are either incompletely implemented or just linger in name. INCENTIVES PLAN Incentives are premeditated to give confidence employees to attain objectives. They are planned to straight incentive for present and future recital, promising â€Å"do this and we will make it significance your while† Incentives are usually monetary but they can assure non-financial rewards such as recognition, encouragement or predominantly interesting assignment. Individual Incentives Plan: Individual incentives diplomacy are those that are fretful to reimburse the individual labors that effect in organizational outcomes. In Mobilink the individual inducement tactics don’t endure in any form. Although this kind of incentive arrangement is merely for the rummage sale an individual in the shape of commission on sale. But we diverge with them because it is individual enticement plan because this is reimbursed at risk and where risk exists it’s not incentive. One other shape of incentives map is that they are paying after a while to the lower management on the hour’s basis they used up in addition the duty hours. Group Incentives Plan The Mobilink have a preference to team and assemblage working. People are recognized from their personal assemblage or players with in association. Like sales community, advertising players, investment investigation team, economics allotment team, HR peoples, etc The group inducement is based on the objectives being allot to each team or group. If they prolifically achieved within the given restraint and also these triumph escort company performance to augment than they will be entail for group enticement in following manner: Per unit inducement journal incentives unremitting encouragement inaccessible areas incentives Organizational Incentives The organizational performance is deliberate in the shape or amplifies in twelve-monthly rummage sale, No of clinteles, and augment in marketplace allocate. The personage aims are consecutively joined with the company performance. When company is being successful in attain these objectives. Special Incentives According to the Mobilink recompense Officer, â€Å"There are very hardly any and exceptional extraordinary incentives because the group enticement and group incentives preparation are premeditated in such a way that every and all individual is performing arts extraordinary†. But hardly any types of extraordinary enticement arrangement are: Gratitude: If an significant person in addition accomplish in sales or manufacture division, a variety of types of recognition like â€Å"Man of the year† which enclose official document and some other prizes. superiority certificate introduction the name and Picture in association pinnacle performers colonnade Admiration: the personality is appreciated individually by the General manager either gathering individually or through call or through email etc Extraordinary Cash Amount is specified on the instance when somebody (frequently specified to HR) for draw towards you and occupy pinnacle player of participant. Job assessment technique: Mobilink exercise two techniques for appraise job in regulate to be acquainted with the significance of the job. spot technique standing technique Similarities and differences of Mobilink Telenor Strapping Points of Mobilink: The employee satisfaction level is elevated in assessment to the expected range. The Mobilink has recognized a knowledgeable HR department consists of 40 HR professional in order to exploit the inspiration and pledge level of the human resource. The Mobilink has started amend the management loom from the traditional towards contemporary style in which they can be capable to identify and recompense human being efforts in near expectations. The incessant incentive arrangement has a optimistic brunt on those employees who has received, trying their most excellent to maintain this incentive for longer time and also a contrivance for inspiration to convey up with more inventive efforts to expand this inducement that has not received. One other organizational enticement of â€Å"three gross salaries† induce every employees to go for best endeavor brunt in order to make certain the achievements of organizational goals for the explicit time period. Strong points of Telenor: Telenor paying attention on individual performance, have made the remuneration system in such a way to be familiar with the efforts and efficiently compensate these. Therefore the incentives plans are very assorted and up-to-date. The arrangement is very succinct in such method that it even plunders the insignificant elevated efforts of personality within the teams or groups. The extraordinary incentives like â€Å"Golden Hellos† and â€Å"Golden handcuffs’ are very proficient in given them the preeminent professional from the marketplace and also the capability to preserve them for life time. The performance of personage is even contented if the organization fails to attain its goal. Once the individual be successful in its targets their rewards are outstanding. The Telenor has explicit incentives plan for every stage and for every personality. The administration incentives plan is one of the examples. This inducement doesn’t exist in Mobilink. The job assessment method extensively worn is Point-method. And that’s the motive the employee pleasure in Telenor is added than Mobilink as the disburse pattern created from the peak method are very succinct and replicate the efforts decided. The reimburse packages and inducement plans are striking and provide additional remunerations at all stage. Wide assortment of incentives remains the employees pleased, dedicated, trustworthy and industrious all the time. Weak points Mobilink presently ignores the satisfying of individual efforts. They recompense personality labors when the corporation convenes the objective. If the company be ineffective in the direction of to work, they don’t plunder those human individual who effectively attain their personality objectives. Here it may be credible that the purpose allocate by their relevant department is not correctly associated with the organizational ambition. So here the personalities undergo on the expenditure of their higher management. The recompense system is not appropriately bound for or associated with the business objectives; the intention here should be to communicate all employees to a universal point in classify to generate synergy. Because they reimburse in assessment to the some international company or conclusion survey firm. The incentives plans are very tapered and limited. It requirements to be comprehensive in order to expand the trustworthiness and obligation at person, collection and managerial level. The base of personality incentives arrangement is very scrawny and some time non-existing. Strong and Weak points of Telenor Telenor has demonstrate itself as genuine self-motivated a firm who has customized itself in the hard-hitting competition, got most important market contribute to from the available company Mobilink in a very dumpy point in time. The Telenor has great number of strapping points and few frail points. Weak Points The employee’s bury affiliation is not brawny as it is in Mobilink. The society in Telenor is going towards inaccessible environment where every individual will be troubled for its own self-interest. There are two sorts of workers. Enduring and indenture employees. The Telenor loom towards the indenture employee is not so a great deal devoted as it is for enduring workers. This may accompany to the worker prejudice and the unfaithfulness might be result in. Their employees are not attentive of the recompense policies. This is some time good quality but some time generates difficulty. The Telenor has kept classified the compensation strategies even from the employees. Conclusion: It is completed from this description result that Mobilink is no hesitation the market organizer in HR systems but it needs improvement, redecoration and development in order to effectual defend the competitor’s violent strategic actions. Mobilink is trailing its market split as well as input employees to Telenor because Telenor is on condition that striking packages. The Mobilink should start poignant towards the ethnicity of disburse for performance as a substitute of paying for possession of skills. This can be accomplishing by accomplishment of effectual performance management and reimbursement system. Mobilink shouldn’t deem on its current employees but also seek out for the best people in the marketplace, because if these unsurpassed people are hired by the challenger, this would result in further hardship to safeguard. Therefore appropriate performance assessment, criticism and rewards should be making certain. Bibliography Charles J. Fombrun, ‎. M. (1998). Strategic human resource management. https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=gIqlCsQYZJsCprintsec=frontcoverdq=strategic+human+managementhl=ensa=Xei=fXSdVIyFJJSfuQTP_4CACgved=0CCEQ6AEwAQ. Delery, J. (1998). Issues of fit in strategic human resource management: Implications for research. Human resource management , http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053482298900067. Ingham, J. (2007). Strategic Human Capital Management. https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=ZWuuAAAAIAAJq=strategic+human+managementdq=strategic+human+managementhl=ensa=Xei=fXSdVIyFJJSfuQTP_4CACgved=0CCcQ6AEwAg. JE Delery, D. D. (1996). Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: Tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions. Academy of management Journal , http://amj.aom.org/content/39/4/802.short. John Storey, ‎. M. (2009). The Routledge Companion to Strategic Human Resource Management. https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=hecig5s4fnUCprintsec=frontcoverdq=strategic+human+managementhl=ensa=Xei=fXSdVIyFJJSfuQTP_4CACgved=0CDkQ6AEwBQ. Kovach, K. A. (2006). Strategic Human Resource Management. https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=ClmOpjxu4TICprintsec=frontcoverdq=strategic+human+managementhl=ensa=Xei=fXSdVIyFJJSfuQTP_4CACgved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=strategic human managementf=false. MA Huselid, S. J. (1997). Technical and strategic human resources management effectiveness as determinants of firm performance. Academy of Management , http://amj.aom.org/content/40/1/171.short. www.telenor.com www.mobilink.com

Forensic Science Essay -- essays research papers

Forensic Science has contributed to our world a great deal. People often misunderstand Forensic Science and believe it is much more capable than it really is. As a matter of fact what you see on T.V. is around 80% false or over exaggerated in some way. To Start of, Criminal Investigation is the largest and most known form of Forensic Science. Some of the more known areas include; Fingerprinting, Ballistics, DNA Identification, Fiber Samples, Computer Animation, Documentation analysis, etc. To get this out of the way in the beginning, what you saw on last night’s law and order is far from the truth. Things they do in a matter of hours take months at a time, and most of the time aren’t even plausible concepts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fingerprinting information varies in numerous ways. Each person’s fingerprints are different in someway (Unique). The technical term is actually â€Å"DNA fingerprinting† because us as a person obviously cant just take a look at a fingerprint and see the difference; we must analyze the actual DNA behind it. Sometimes a miss concept of most people is, that fingerprints stay perfectly fresh for extended periods of time. Partial fingerprints and even degraded full fingerprints can turn up to be useless sometimes. Fingerprints are not admissible if they are 99.9% sure, they must be 100% or a Forensics lab will not support them. DNA Fingerprinting, and the fingerprints that are at the tips of your actual fingers are two different things. The ones we a...

Cousin Kate by Christina Rosetti and The Choosing by Liz Lochhead Essay

Cousin Kate by Christina Rosetti/The Choosing by Liz Lochhead Cousin Kate is a poem, written in the Victorian times by a woman called Christina Rosetti. Christina was a very religious woman, she wanted eventually to be a nun, and she did voluntary work at a London reform home for young prostitutes. The poem is about a young cottage maiden who falls in love with a lord. The lord "changed her like a glove", this suggests that the lord could get anyone he wanted. The story is about a cottage maiden who falls in love with a lord, he praises her and treats her like a queen. The lord then falls in love with the cottage maiden's cousin (cousin Kate). They get married, the only problem is Kate can't have children and the lord will need a son to take over his role of lord. "Yet I've a gift you have not got" when the cottage maiden says this she means her child, she has a son to the lord. She was not married to the lord when they were having a sexual relationship so she is seen to be unclean. "The neighbours call you good and pure, call me an outcast thing" this quotation s...

The Use of Computers in Entertainment :: Technology

The Use of Computers in Entertainment In today’s electronic era computers have a hand in almost everything. Entertainment is no exception, in fact with the coming of digital information has made one of its greatest leaps. Movies, games, music, even books that that are simple and easy as it is have been impacted greatly by computers. But how far is too far? Music is now stolen, movies the same, games can be hacked and broken into with simple programs. As technology continues, more and more information will be taken, changed, stolen, and laws will then be made to try to stop all of this. But all they really need is a good middle ground to work towards or land on. With the coming of DVD’s computers moved into a big portion of the video industry. But with it came the ability to take a movie off of the disk and distribute it over user sharing programs. Many companies have tried to solve this problem by adding programs and such to the disks so that the information cannot be stolen. This does not stop DVD pirating, but it does cut down on the burning of DVDs. CD’s have also incorporated this type of programming for the same reasons. The music industry was turned upside down with the coming of Napster. Why this was is not really understood, because many programs that were out previously that did the same thing. Scour was a one of a kind program, and before that simple FTP sites were in abundance, as they still are, to download music. Perhaps the ease of which Napster allowed users to share information is what bothered them. But a lawsuit was taken against Napster, and it had to restrict many of its features (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1000463.stm). But if they had simply come to a common middle ground, perhaps having users pay to use the service or pay for the music itself, would have been better. Just because Napster was forced to add program lines that all but shut the program down didn’t mean the other user to user programs were forced to stop being made. In fact when one is shut down it seems like 5 replace it. Because of this many programs that have a service fee or a membership of so me sort is ignored.